National security in the Artificial Intelligence era: Challenges and implications of advanced technologies

The rapid evolution of technology, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data predictive analytics (BDPA), has fundamentally transformed the landscape of cyberspace and national security. This amalgamation of technologies presents both unprecedented opportunities and complex challenges that necessitate a comprehensive understanding of their implications. While AI and IoT offer promising advancements in various sectors, such as healthcare and national defence, they simultaneously pose significant threats if maliciously exploited. Furthermore, the integration of AI and IoT amplifies security risks, demanding a thorough examination of their implications for individual rights, societal structures, and geopolitical dynamics. In parallel, the emergence of predictive policing and the use of big data (BD) in policing strategies underscore ethical concerns regarding privacy, discrimination, and civil liberties. Therefore, as AI and associated technologies become pivotal in discussions of global competitiveness and technological advancements, there is a critical need to examine their collective impact on national security comprehensively. Drawing from a series of six published works, this research addresses the pressing need for a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities arising from the intersection of AI, IoT, and BDPA within the context of cyberspace and national security. By critically analysing the multilayered dimensions, including technical, ethical, legal, and strategic aspects, this study aims to formulate actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders. The research also evaluates national AI strategies, identifies areas for strategic competition and cooperation, and provides recommendations to enhance the effectiveness and resilience of national AI initiatives. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this research contributes significantly to academia and industry by identifying critical gaps and proposing comprehensive frameworks for the responsible integration of advanced technologies into national security frameworks. The findings guide informed decision-making and pave the way for future research in this evolving landscape.