A study on the immunoregulatory properties of camel milk derived lipids (Camelus dromedarius)

<p> </p> <p>Camel (Camelus dromedarius) milk is believed to have beneficial effects in</p> <p>inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, however, there are few studies reporting the</p> <p>immunoregulatory properties of the milk’s lipids. This study aimed to extract the lipid</p> <p>component from camel milk and investigate its ability to regulate macrophage</p> <p>inflammatory responses using the human macrophage derived cell-line, dTHP-1.</p> <p>Omani camel milk lipid was over 95% triglyceride (TG) with major saturated fatty acids</p> <p>(SFAs) identified as palmitic acid (35.28%), myristic acid (14.46%), stearic acid (7.40</p> <p>%); and unsaturated (USFAs) oleic acid (19.31%) and palmitoleic acid (14.00%). These</p> <p>fatty acids were identified as fatty acid methyl esters and analysed by Gas</p> <p>Chromatography – Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The camel milk’s total lipids (TL) total</p> <p>free fatty acids (TFAs) and unsaturated free fatty acids (USFAs) significantly reduced</p> <p>glycated protein (gBSA) proinflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18 and</p> <p>IL-6) by dTHP-1 cells. In addition the lipids down regulated gene expression of</p> <p>markers of the proinflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype CD86 but in contrast the</p> <p>lipids significantly enhanced markers of the M2 phenotype (CD206, CD163, Dectin-1,</p> <p>IL-1Ra, and IL-10. TL also enhanced the translocation of the p50/p50 homodimers of</p> <p>the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB, at the expense of p50/p65 heterodimer</p> <p>translocation. The lipids significantly down regulated the expression and activation of</p> <p>the inflammasome NLRP3/caspase-1/ASC assembly formation. Finally all the lipid</p> <p>componets up-regulated significantly expression of the Ten-Eleven Translocation-2</p> <p>(TET-2) transcription regulator, linking their actions to this recently discovered</p> <p>regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This study reports evidence that camel milk</p> <p>lipids are in-vitro highly immunoregulatory in macrophages and their consumption</p> <p>may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases such as diabetes.</p>