The Advents of Ubiquitous Computing in the Development of Smart Cities—A Review on the Internet of Things (IoT)

 By leveraging ubiquitous computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities gain potential to provide a wider range of services. Different homogeneous and heterogeneous networking schemes and applications have been proposed in the literature to date. In these networking schemes, human and computer are connected for social, economic, physiological, and technological growth. However, there is a dearth of recent literature that incorporates recently proposed and operating techniques and technologies capable of enhancing the productivity of human and machine in IoT technologies. The role of this research is to investigate the protocols, followed by the advance frameworks for IoT, the characteristics and services that are being governed using IoT for establishing information-rich smart cities. To this end, likewise, physical layer, media access control, networking and applications protocols, and encapsulation standards of IoT for smart cities applications are critically reviewed. Certain open issues are discussed based on the literature collected that would improve the autonomous behavior, process control, device handling, and the QoS in smart environments.