Graphene-based concrete: Synthesis strategies, and reinforcement mechanisms in graphene-based cementitious composites (Part 1)

In this first of two-part review, this review discusses the potential of graphene to be utilized as a reinforcing filler in cementitious composite to enhance their functional performance. The incorporation of graphene into concrete can address issues such as brittleness, low tensile strength, and permeability. Graphene offers great potential as a concrete additive because of its remarkable features such as efficient heat and electrical conductivity, as well as remarkable strength. Several forms of graphene such as graphene oxide (GO), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and functionalized graphene (FG), have been tested, and all have shown improvements in compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The two-dimensional nature of graphene allows it to have a high specific surface area, making it an attractive construction and building material. The use of graphene in concrete can help lower global CO₂ emissions, making the construction industry more sustainable. The incorporation of a very small quantity of graphene can increase the strength of conventional concrete, reducing the environmental footprint. The article discusses the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) study, which indicates that making 1 kg of commercial GNPs resulted in lower CO₂ emissions than OPC. The adoption of graphene as a 21st-century material grew extensively in many applications such as computing, energy, medicine, optics, and material science, and now it can be used to improve the concrete's mechanical and durability capabilities.